yikes; oops; eep; wow; aargh

cold (e.g. weather)

uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull; weak; corny

why?; what for?

how?; by what means?

English (language)

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object)

indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions)

but; however; still; and

regardless of; whether (or not)

physical education; PE; gym (class)

at (place, time); in; on; during

to (direction, state); toward; into

for (purpose)

because of (reason); for; with

by; from

as (i.e. in the role of)

per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")

and; in addition to

child

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

wind; breeze; draught; draft

manner; behaviour; behavior

cold; influenza

indicates possessive

nominalizes verbs and adjectives

substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases

(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion

(at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis

(at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

the Rat (first sign of the Chinese zodiac)

hour of the Rat (around midnight, 11pm to 1am, or 12 midnight to 2am)

north

eleventh month of the lunar calendar

cold (e.g. weather)

uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull; weak; corny

such; that sort of; that kind of; like that

no way!; never!

thing; matter

incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis

circumstances; situation; state of affairs

work; business; affair

after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to

nominalizing suffix

pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...

alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or

necessity; need

you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

nonexistent; not being (there)

unowned; not had; unpossessed

unique

not; impossible; won't happen

not

to not be; to have not

oh!; good heavens!

ugh!; oh no!

ah!; the penny drops!

yes!; okay!

yes; yeah; uh huh

huh?; what?

not

's; of; belonging to

at (place, time); in; on; during

you said; he said; she said; they said

if ... then

do you seriously think that

I already told you; you should know by now that; of course

the said ...; said ...

says that ...

I hear that ...

as for the term ...

as for ...

thing; matter

incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis

circumstances; situation; state of affairs

work; business; affair

after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to

nominalizing suffix

pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...

alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or

necessity; need

you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!; listen!

right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think?

hey; say; listen; look; come on

you know; you see; I must say; I should think

will you?; please

so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand?

I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...

adult; grown-up

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

wind; breeze; draught; draft

manner; behaviour; behavior

cold; influenza

indicates possessive

nominalizes verbs and adjectives

substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases

(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion

(at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis

(at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

the Rat (first sign of the Chinese zodiac)

hour of the Rat (around midnight, 11pm to 1am, or 12 midnight to 2am)

north

eleventh month of the lunar calendar

indicates possessive

nominalizes verbs and adjectives

substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases

(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion

(at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis

(at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

parent; parents; mother and father

dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker

founder; inventor

(pet) owner

key; parent (organization); main

ancestor; forefather

that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means

in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically

clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage

shrinkage

end; conclusion

wind; breeze; draught; draft

manner; behaviour; behavior

cold; influenza

right?; isn't it?; doesn't it?; don't you?; don't you think?

hey; say; listen; look; come on

you know; you see; I must say; I should think

will you?; please

so, ...; well, ...; you see, ...; you understand?

I'm not sure if ...; I have my doubts about whether ...

I; me

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

wind; breeze; draught; draft

manner; behaviour; behavior

cold; influenza

wind; breeze; draught; draft

manner; behaviour; behavior

cold; influenza

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

freedom; liberty

at (place, time); in; on; during

to (direction, state); toward; into

for (purpose)

because of (reason); for; with

by; from

as (i.e. in the role of)

per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")

and; in addition to

let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...

lively; full of spirit; energetic; vigorous; vital; spirited

healthy; well; fit; in good health

such things as ...; and ... and

the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as

be; is

o; oh

huh; what

hi

hey; say; look

soccer

seersucker

to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study

to send; to dispatch; to despatch

to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.)

to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer

to make (a vehicle) go faster

to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise

to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke

to hold (a performance); to perform; to show

to ease (one's mind)

to harm; to injure; to kill

to have sex with

to live; to get by; to get along

to do ... completely

to do ... broadly; to do ... to a great distance

to do ... for (someone of equal or lower status); to do ... to

to make active efforts to ...

soccer

seersucker

rule

to be aware of; to know; to be conscious of; to cognize; to cognise

to notice; to feel

to understand; to comprehend; to grasp

to remember; to be acquainted with (a procedure)

to experience; to go through; to learn

to be acquainted with (a person); to get to know

to concern

to be (of animate objects); to exist

to stay

to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

indicates possessive

nominalizes verbs and adjectives

substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases

(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion

(at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis

(at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

to wind; to coil; to roll; to wear (e.g. turban, scarf)

to envelope; to shroud

to outflank; to skirt

to link (verse)

to move ahead (three hours, etc.); to move up

don't

do

hey; listen; you

now, ...; well, ...; I tell you!; you know

wow; ooh

I; me

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study

to send; to dispatch; to despatch

to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.)

to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer

to make (a vehicle) go faster

to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise

to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke

to hold (a performance); to perform; to show

to ease (one's mind)

to harm; to injure; to kill

to have sex with

to live; to get by; to get along

to do ... completely

to do ... broadly; to do ... to a great distance

to do ... for (someone of equal or lower status); to do ... to

to make active efforts to ...

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since

from (originator); by

because; since

out of (constituent, part)

through (e.g. window, vestibule)

after; since

expresses sympathy or warning

somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of

thing; matter

incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis

circumstances; situation; state of affairs

work; business; affair

after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to

nominalizing suffix

pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...

alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or

necessity; need

you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...