expression of surprise, recollection, etc.

used to get someone's attention

something or someone close to the speaker (including the speaker), or ideas expressed by the speaker

in ref. to a stretch of time or date

emphatic, accusatory, insulting

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

also written 良い, 好い and 善い

as て(も)いい, と(も)いい, etc.; indicates permission or compromise

polite copula

polite copula

also written as 於乎, 於戯, 嗟乎, 嗟夫, 吁, etc.

in exasperation

also written 良い, 好い and 善い

as て(も)いい, と(も)いい, etc.; indicates permission or compromise

negative verb ending used in informal speech; abbr. of negative verb ending ぬ

abbr. of particle の; indicates possessive

abbr. of particle に; used esp. when it precedes the verb なる

from では

as ...ことがない, etc.; indicates negation, inexperience, unnecessariness or impossibility

after the ren'youkei form of an adjective

after the -te form of a verb

at sentence end

at sentence end

at sentence end; with a negative

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

at sentence end; used as a request for confirmation or agreement

at sentence end; used to express one's thoughts or feelings

at sentence end; used to make an informal request

at the end of a non-final clause; used to draw the listener's attention to something

at sentence end after the question marker か

indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form

indicates time of action

indicates means of action

indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.

derogatory or familiar

hypothetical form of the copula だ, from なり and sometimes classed as a particle

used at sentence end; adds light force or emphasis to a sentence

at sentence end; used to make a sentence threatening or ironic

だあれ is emphatic or inquisitive

だあれ is emphatic or inquisitive

occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之

often ん

casual quoting particle

as たって; indicates supposition

as かって; indicates a satirical or rhetorical question

indicates certainty, insistence, emphasis, etc.

abbr. of という

abbr. of と言っている

abbr. of と聞いている

abbr. of とは, というのは

equiv. of は topic marker

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

with a verb in the negative

usu. in the negative

as ...からなる or ...よりなる

as お + masu stem + になる or ご + noun+ になる

after -masu stem or adj. stem

plain copula

た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action

indicates light imperative

prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb

imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb

when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end

used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end

slightly formal or feminine

after the stem of an adjective

as ＡもＢも

used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.

often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.

prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb

imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb

when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end

used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end

造る usu. for large-scale building, manufacturing, etc.; 創る usu. for creating

at sentence end

at sentence end

at sentence end; with a negative

something or someone distant from the speaker, close to the listener; actions of the listener, or ideas expressed or understood by the listener

preceding a number

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

after the volitional form of a verb

usu. of inanimate objects

following a verb or adjective

following a verb or noun

as ～上は

suffix indicating higher social standing than the speaker

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

as 下から, 下より, etc.

after the volitional form of a verb

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之

often ん

after the volitional form of a verb

indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form

indicates time of action

indicates means of action

indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.

expression of surprise, recollection, etc.

used to get someone's attention