with neg. sentence

indicates surprise

indicates anger or irritability

used to dismiss someone's worries, concerns, etc.

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

about the actions of the listener, or about ideas expressed or understood by the listener

plain copula

た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action

indicates light imperative

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

used to get someone's attention or press one's point

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

also written 良い, 好い and 善い

as て(も)いい, と(も)いい, etc.; indicates permission or compromise

plain copula

た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action

indicates light imperative

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb

imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb

when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end

used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end

concerning the actions of the listener or concerning the ideas expressed or understood by the listener; with a neg. sentence, implies that something isn't as much as one might think

used to express agreement with something said

used to express doubt with something said

before a verb in negative form

at sentence end

casual quoting particle

as たって; indicates supposition

as かって; indicates a satirical or rhetorical question

indicates certainty, insistence, emphasis, etc.

abbr. of という

abbr. of と言っている

abbr. of と聞いている

abbr. of とは, というのは

equiv. of は topic marker

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

from ではない

from ではない

after -masu stem or adj. stem

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

polite copula

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

expresses surprise, shock, doubt, etc.

at sentence end

after each alternative

after an interrogative

indicates doubt, uncertainty, etc.; sometimes after other particles

emphatic prefix; usu. before an adjective

suffix forming adjectives or adverbs; after an indeclinable word

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

usu. of inanimate objects

の and ん add emphasis

nominalizing suffix indicating degree or condition

sentence end, mainly masc.

occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之

often ん

esp. 聴く

聴く is used in legal and official contexts

also 利く

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

at sentence end; used as a request for confirmation or agreement

at sentence end; used to express one's thoughts or feelings

at sentence end; used to make an informal request

at the end of a non-final clause; used to draw the listener's attention to something

at sentence end after the question marker か

at sentence end; used as a request for confirmation or agreement

at sentence end; used to express one's thoughts or feelings

at sentence end; used to make an informal request

at the end of a non-final clause; used to draw the listener's attention to something

at sentence end after the question marker か

used to state something assertively; orig. from じゃないか

from では

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

slightly formal or feminine

after the volitional form of a verb

familiar form of あなた; oft. considered rude

occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之

often ん

as ＡもＢも

used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.

often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

also written 良い, 好い and 善い

as て(も)いい, と(も)いい, etc.; indicates permission or compromise

after the -masu stem of a verb, often in the negative

after the -masu stem of a verb

after the -te form of a verb; sometimes with negative nuance

after the -te form of a verb

from では

follows a verb in "-te" form

used with neg. verb

occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之

often ん

after the -masu stem of a verb, often in the negative

after the -masu stem of a verb

after the -te form of a verb; sometimes with negative nuance

after the -te form of a verb