say; well; um; er

hey; say; look

say; well; um; er

I; me

just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; now, now

tolerably; passably; moderately; reasonably; fairly; rather; somewhat

well...; I think...; it would seem...; you might say...; Hmmm, I guess so...

oh!; oh dear!; oh, my!; wow!; goodness gracious!; good heavens!

Osaka (city, prefecture)

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since

from (originator); by

because; since

out of (constituent, part)

through (e.g. window, vestibule)

after; since

expresses sympathy or warning

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive

to come back; to do ... and come back

to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue

to come from; to be caused by; to derive from

to come to (i.e. "when it comes to spinach ...")

oh!; good heavens!

ugh!; oh no!

ah!; the penny drops!

yes!; okay!

yes; yeah; uh huh

huh?; what?

not

's; of; belonging to

at (place, time); in; on; during

such things as ...; and ... and

the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as

be; is

o; oh

huh; what

hi

but; however; although

primary school; elementary school; grade school

oh!; good heavens!

ugh!; oh no!

ah!; the penny drops!

yes!; okay!

yes; yeah; uh huh

huh?; what?

not

's; of; belonging to

at (place, time); in; on; during

time; hour; moment

occasion; case

chance; opportunity; season

the times; the age; the day

tense

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

Kobe (city)

at (place, time); in; on; during

to (direction, state); toward; into

for (purpose)

because of (reason); for; with

by; from

as (i.e. in the role of)

per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")

and; in addition to

to be (animate); to be; to exist

to be ..ing

to (have the audacity to) do

to be (of animate objects); to exist

to stay

to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing

therefore; and so; for that reason; for that reason; accordingly; consequently; hence

pure; true; genuine; unmixed

at (place, time); in; on; during

to (direction, state); toward; into

for (purpose)

because of (reason); for; with

by; from

as (i.e. in the role of)

per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")

and; in addition to

An Osakan; A person from Osaka; An Osaka native

no; that's wrong; it's not like that

isn't it?; wasn't it?

indicates emphasis

Kobe (city)

Osaka (city, prefecture)

Kobe (city)

but; however; though; nevertheless; still; yet; even so; also; as well

even

however; no matter how; even if; even though

... or something

either ... or ...; neither ... nor ...

pseudo-; quack; in-name-only

for lack of anything better to do

in the first place; to begin with; from the start; originally; ab initio

after all; anyway; actually; well, ...; ... on earth (e.g. "what on earth?"); ... in the world (e.g. "why in the world?")

beginning; start

to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs)

to produce; to yield; to give rise to; to deliver

oh!; good heavens!

ugh!; oh no!

ah!; the penny drops!

yes!; okay!

yes; yeah; uh huh

huh?; what?

not

's; of; belonging to

at (place, time); in; on; during

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

Wakayama (city, prefecture)​

at; in

at; when

by; with

and then; so

and; then

let me tell you; don't you know

don't

do

hey; listen; you

now, ...; well, ...; I tell you!; you know

wow; ooh

Wakayama (city, prefecture)​

such; that sort of; that kind of; like that

no way!; never!

place; spot; scene; site

address

district; area; locality

one's house

point; aspect; side; facet

passage (in text); part

space; room

thing; matter

whereupon; as a result

about to; on the verge of

was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing

to be aware of; to know; to be conscious of; to cognize; to cognise

to notice; to feel

to understand; to comprehend; to grasp

to remember; to be acquainted with (a procedure)

to experience; to go through; to learn

to be acquainted with (a person); to get to know

to concern

you

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

Osaka (city, prefecture)

at; in

at; when

by; with

and then; so

and; then

let me tell you; don't you know

good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable

sufficient; enough; ready; prepared

profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

OK; all right; fine; no problem

indicates possessive

nominalizes verbs and adjectives

substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases

(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion

(at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis

(at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

mistaking one person for another; (case of) mistaken identity

next; following; subsequent

stage; station

topic marker particle

indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated)

adds emphasis

Nagoya (city)

Nagoya (city)

departure

moving forward (e.g. vehicle); onward movement

advance (work, procedure, etc.); advancement; progress

progress (of a disease); disease progression

progression (harmonic, melodic)

white line

linea alba (anot.)

indicates possessive

nominalizes verbs and adjectives

substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases

(at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion

(at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis

(at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

inside; interior; inner part

at (place, time); in; on; during

to (direction, state); toward; into

for (purpose)

because of (reason); for; with

by; from

as (i.e. in the role of)

per; in; for; a (e.g. "once a month")

and; in addition to

honorific/polite/humble prefix

fall; decline; lowering; hanging down; drooping; slanting (downward)

string apron; ornamental cords hanging from the front of a sumo wrestler's belt

food offering to the gods; leftovers; hand-me-downs

leaving (one's master's place for home)

a little after ...

please (give me)

please (do for me)

ah; oh

hey!