indicating an item near the speaker, the action of the speaker, or the current topic

usu. indicating someone in one's in-group

as これから, これまで, etc.

imperative form often used after the -masu stem of a verb

from ではない

occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之

often ん

の and ん add emphasis

follows verbs, adjectives

following the te-form of a verb

from ではない

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

after -masu base of verb; indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions

after the volitional form of a verb

negative verb ending used in informal speech; abbr. of negative verb ending ぬ

abbr. of particle の; indicates possessive

abbr. of particle に; used esp. when it precedes the verb なる

from ではない

の and ん add emphasis

at sentence end

after each alternative

after an interrogative

indicates doubt, uncertainty, etc.; sometimes after other particles

emphatic prefix; usu. before an adjective

suffix forming adjectives or adverbs; after an indeclinable word

with neg. sentence

indicates surprise

indicates anger or irritability

used to dismiss someone's worries, concerns, etc.

usu. in compounds

at sentence end

indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form

indicates time of action

indicates means of action

indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.

Indicates surprise, suspicion, etc.

prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb

imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb

when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end

used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end

occasionally ん, orig. written 乃 or 之

often ん

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

at the start of a sentence

slightly formal or feminine

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

before a negative form

after a volitional form

also written 良い, 好い and 善い

as て(も)いい, と(も)いい, etc.; indicates permission or compromise

follows verbs, adjectives

following the te-form of a verb

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

concerning the actions of the listener or concerning the ideas expressed or understood by the listener; with a neg. sentence, implies that something isn't as much as one might think

used to express agreement with something said

used to express doubt with something said

as ＡもＢも

used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.

often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.

used to get someone's attention or press one's point

as 〜のうち

also 裡, 裏; as 〜のうちに after a noun representing a state or condition

also 家

in a letter after the husband's name

primarily used by women and children

esp. 開く

esp. 開く

esp. 空く

esp. 空く

esp. 明く

esp. 明く

esp. 明く

esp. 明く

indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form

indicates time of action

indicates means of action

indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.

as 〜のうち

also 裡, 裏; as 〜のうちに after a noun representing a state or condition

also 家

in a letter after the husband's name

primarily used by women and children

as ＡもＢも

used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.

often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.

as 〜のうち

also 裡, 裏; as 〜のうちに after a noun representing a state or condition

also 家

in a letter after the husband's name

primarily used by women and children

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

follows verbs, adjectives

following the te-form of a verb

as 〜のうち

also 裡, 裏; as 〜のうちに after a noun representing a state or condition

also 家

in a letter after the husband's name

primarily used by women and children

as ＡもＢも

used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.

often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.

after a person's name (or position, etc.)

usu. after a noun or sometimes na-adjective

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

as 〜のうち

also 裡, 裏; as 〜のうちに after a noun representing a state or condition

also 家

in a letter after the husband's name

primarily used by women and children

as ＡもＢも

used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.

often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.

plain copula

た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action

indicates light imperative

from では