after a person's name (or position, etc.)

usu. after a noun or sometimes na-adjective

as ＡもＢも

used for emphasis or to express absence of doubt regarding a quantity, etc.

often as 〜ても, 〜でも, 〜とも, etc.

esp. 飛ぶ

esp. 跳ぶ

at sentence end

after each alternative

after an interrogative

indicates doubt, uncertainty, etc.; sometimes after other particles

emphatic prefix; usu. before an adjective

suffix forming adjectives or adverbs; after an indeclinable word

esp. 飛ぶ

esp. 跳ぶ

negative verb ending used in informal speech; abbr. of negative verb ending ぬ

abbr. of particle の; indicates possessive

abbr. of particle に; used esp. when it precedes the verb なる

usu. 挙げる

usu. 挙げる

usu. 挙げる

after the -te form of a verb

after the -masu stem of a verb

after the -masu stem of a humble verb to increase the level of humility

only 只

usu. as ただでは...

esp. 但

indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form

indicates time of action

indicates means of action

indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.

at sentence end

at sentence end

indicating an item near the speaker, the action of the speaker, or the current topic

usu. indicating someone in one's in-group

as これから, これまで, etc.

after the volitional form of a verb

usu. of inanimate objects

only 只

usu. as ただでは...

esp. 但

indicates location of action; にて is the formal literary form

indicates time of action

indicates means of action

indicates continuing action; alternative form of 〜て used for some verb types

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, etc.

esp. 飛ぶ

esp. 跳ぶ

negative verb ending used in informal speech; abbr. of negative verb ending ぬ

abbr. of particle の; indicates possessive

abbr. of particle に; used esp. when it precedes the verb なる

at sentence end

after each alternative

after an interrogative

indicates doubt, uncertainty, etc.; sometimes after other particles

emphatic prefix; usu. before an adjective

suffix forming adjectives or adverbs; after an indeclinable word

prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb

imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb

when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end

used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end

said when surprised or happy

from 運がつく

after -masu stems, onomatopoeic and mimetic words

at sentence end

usu. before a term with a kun-yomi reading; おん is more formal

polite copula

at sentence-end; indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.

after a noun; used when calling out to someone

in mid-sentence; used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention

の and ん add emphasis

at sentence end

after each alternative

after an interrogative

indicates doubt, uncertainty, etc.; sometimes after other particles

emphatic prefix; usu. before an adjective

suffix forming adjectives or adverbs; after an indeclinable word

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

followed by a counter

followed by (optional number), counter and も

followed by a counter and か

used for non-exhaustive lists related to a specific time and place

after the dictionary form of a verb

punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.

interjection expressing surprise

contraction of (と/って)言う

at sentence-end

after -masu stem or adj. stem

used for non-exhaustive lists related to a specific time and place

after the dictionary form of a verb

punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.

interjection expressing surprise

pronounced わ in modern Japanese

indicating something distant from both speaker and listener (in space, time or psychologically), or something understood without naming it directly

used to refer to one's equals or inferiors

after the -te form of a verb; indicates continuing action or state

negative verb ending used in informal speech; abbr. of negative verb ending ぬ

abbr. of particle の; indicates possessive

abbr. of particle に; used esp. when it precedes the verb なる

used for non-exhaustive lists related to a specific time and place

after the dictionary form of a verb

punctuational exclamation in haiku, renga, etc.

interjection expressing surprise